NETWORK PERFORMANCE OF TWO-WAY RELAYING WITH FOUNTAIN CODING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS UNDER CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

(Received: 22-May-2026, Revised: 4-Aug.-2026 , Accepted: 20-Aug.-2026)

Authors Duy-Hung Ha, Kien-Duc Tran, Dac-Binh Ha, Hien-Luong Nguyen, The-Anh Ngo, Quoc-Hao Truong,

Keywords #Fountain coding #Digital network coding #Two-way relay network #Three-phase transmission #Co-channel interference #Outage probability #Sum throughput #Rayleigh fading

Abstract This paper investigates the performance of a two-way relay network (TWRN) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that combines fountain coding (FC) and digital network coding (DNC) in the presence of co- channel interference (CCI). A three-phase FC–DNC transmission protocol (SM-3P-FC) is considered and compared with the conventional four-phase fountain-coded protocol (SM-4P-FC). To isolate the contribution of fountain coding, an additional same-budget three-phase uncoded fixed-repetition benchmark (SM-3P-NoFC) is introduced, in which the Q transmission opportunities are distributed among H distinct uncoded packets. Under independent block-Rayleigh fading, closed-form analytical expressions for the outage probabilities at the two terminal nodes are derived by accounting for CCI at both the relay and the source nodes. Based on the derived outage probabilities, a bandwidth-normalized sum-throughput expression is further developed to characterize the trade-off between the target spectral efficiency and the probability of successful message recovery. Monte Carlo simulations based on 10 6 independently generated channel realizations per plotted point show close agreement with the derived analytical expressions over the evaluated parameter settings. The numerical results show that the proposed SM-3P-FC scheme achieves lower outage probabilities and higher bidirectional sum throughput than both the SM-3P-NoFC and SM-4P-FC benchmarks under the considered system settings. The additional CCI-power comparison further shows that the outage probabilities continue to decrease when interference is absent or when its power remains fixed, whereas proportional desired/interference power scaling produces non-zero outage floors.

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